ARROW-16394: [R] Implement lubridate's parsers with year, month and date components

[dragosmg]

This PR adds bindings for lubridate's parsers with year, month, and day components, allowing the following to work correctly:

library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
library(arrow, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
library(lubridate, warn.conflicts = FALSE)

test_df <- tibble::tibble(
  ymd_string = c("2022-05-11", "2022/05/12", "22.05-13")
)

test_df %>% 
  mutate(ymd_date = ymd(ymd_string))
#> # A tibble: 3 × 2
#>   ymd_string ymd_date  
#>   <chr>      <date>    
#> 1 2022-05-11 2022-05-11
#> 2 2022/05/12 2022-05-12
#> 3 22.05-13   2022-05-13

test_df %>% 
  arrow_table() %>% 
  mutate(ymd_date = ymd(ymd_string)) %>%
  collect()
#> # A tibble: 3 × 2
#>   ymd_string ymd_date  
#>   <chr>      <date>    
#> 1 2022-05-11 2022-05-11
#> 2 2022/05/12 2022-05-12
#> 3 22.05-13   2022-05-13

^{Created on 2022-05-11 by the reprex package (v2.0.1)}

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16394

[github-actions]

⚠️ Ticket has not been started in JIRA, please click 'Start Progress'.

[thisisnic]

A few suggestions - looks almost good to go though.

[thisisnic]

Once the remaining comments are addressed, this is good to go!

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = e5e4901 and contender = 90aac16. 90aac16 is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished ⬇️0.31% ⬆️0.04%] test-mac-arm
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️0.47% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Finished] 90aac167 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished] 90aac167 test-mac-arm
[Finished] 90aac167 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 90aac167 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
[Finished] e5e4901e ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished] e5e4901e test-mac-arm
[Finished] e5e4901e ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] e5e4901e ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java