GH-40428: [Python][CI] Fix dataset partition filter tests with pandas nightly #40429
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Rationale for this change
From debugging the failure, it seems this is due to pandas changing a filter operation to sometimes preserve a RangeIndex now instead of returning an Integer64Index. And the conversion to Arrow changes based on that (RangeIndex is metadata only by default, integer index becomes a column)
Therefore making the tests more robust to ensure there is always at least one non-partition column in the DataFrame, so it doesn't depend on the index whether the result is empty or not.