[C++][FS][Azure] Environment credential authentication

[Tom-Newton]

Describe the enhancement requested

Child of #38598

Environment credential is the same as client secret except it extracts the important values from standard environment variables instead of just arguments in the code.

https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-cpp/blob/main/sdk/identity/azure-identity/src/environment_credential.cpp

Component(s)

C++

[felipecrv]

Note: even though there isn't a way to explicitly configure AzureOptions to get credentials from the environment, the AzureOptions::ConfigureDefaultCredential() will cause the Azure SDK to probe the environment for credentials and build the appropriate auth token.

[kou]

It means that we don't need to implement this feature because we already implemented the feature as AzureOptions::ConfigureDefaultCredential(), right?

[Tom-Newton]

I think ideally we should implement this. The default credential is often useful but it doesn't give you control in a case where your environment has Auth configured in more than one way. Also it tends to fail very slowly if you have no Auth configured.

[kou]

Issue resolved by pull request 41715
#41715