[C++][FS][Azure] Client secret authentication

[Tom-Newton]

Describe the enhancement requested

Child of #38598

Add support for using client secret a.k.a service principal auth. This is basically just user ID and password.

https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-cpp/blob/main/sdk/identity/azure-identity/src/client_secret_credential.cpp

Component(s)

C++

[Tom-Newton]

take