Devcontainers should allow latest Ubuntu version (remove image tag suffix for the OS version)

[bdice]

We would like to use Ubuntu 24.04 in devcontainers across RAPIDS, since it comes with newer compilers and is generally more up to date.

I filed a change in the devcontainers repo here: rapidsai/devcontainers#534

However, several RAPIDS libraries have a hardcoded -ubuntu22.04 in their devcontainer image tag. We need to remove those.

A workaround was created in rapidsai/devcontainers#543 to temporarily unblock 25.10 CI.