chore: Upgrade Go version to 1.23

[tenzen-y]

What this PR does / why we need it:
This is blocking #2525

Which issue(s) this PR fixes (optional, in fixes #<issue number>(, fixes #<issue_number>, ...) format, will close the issue(s) when PR gets merged):
Fixes #

Checklist:

• Docs included if any changes are user facing

[Electronic-Waste]

Thanks for this @tenzen-y! Actually, I've upgraded both go and kubernetes version in #2521. I would appreciate it if you could take a look:)

[Electronic-Waste]

@tenzen-y Basically LGTM. Feel free to merge it after the doc is updated!

I'll rebase my PR so as not to block the 0.18.0 release.

/assign @andreyvelich

[Electronic-Waste]

Can you also update the go version in the contributing doc?

katib/CONTRIBUTING.md

Line 14 in 1f76bb3

- [Go](https://golang.org/) (1.22 or later)

[andreyvelich]

@tenzen-y Did you get a chance to update it, so we can merge this PR ?

[github-actions]

This pull request has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had recent activity. It will be closed if no further activity occurs. Thank you for your contributions.

[andreyvelich]

Let's update the developer guide in the followup PR
/lgtm
/approve

[google-oss-prow]

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