Cookbook for Continental Compression with Fault Inheritance #6476

PrajaktaPMohite · 2025-06-17T20:26:34Z

This cookbook demonstrates the role of pre-existing faults in localizing strain during continental convergence using strain weakening and plasticity.

I have read the guidelines in our CONTRIBUTING.md document.
I have followed the instructions for indenting my code.
I have tested my new feature locally to ensure it is correct.
I have created a testcase for the new feature/benchmark in the tests/ directory.
I have added a changelog entry in the doc/modules/changes directory that will inform other users of my change.

naliboff

@PrajaktaPMohite - Nice work, this is a great start! I've left a few initial comments to address.

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

naliboff · 2025-06-19T04:04:59Z

...books/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/initial_plastic_and_viscous_strain.svg

I would add another panel to this figure that shows the density distribution.

naliboff · 2025-06-19T04:06:09Z

cookbooks/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/strain_rate_and_density_0_myr.svg

I propose zooming into the region of interest (upper 100 km, x=100 km to x=400 km) in both this figure and the next figure.

naliboff

@PrajaktaPMohite - Thank you for the updates! I've provided another round of revisions, and after these suggestions are addressed I would remove the [WIP] label so others can jump in and review. Additional next steps could also include (1) adding a corresponding test case and (2) change log file.

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

...s/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.wb

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

naliboff · 2025-06-19T18:01:23Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+```{literalinclude} strain_weakening_mechanism.part.prm
+```
+
+Faults are correspondingly integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. Plastic strain within the faults is limited to the upper 40 km where brittle deformation occurs, while viscous strain within the faults extends to the base of the lithosphere. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic and brittle strain are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation.


Suggested change

Faults are correspondingly integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. Plastic strain within the faults is limited to the upper 40 km where brittle deformation occurs, while viscous strain within the faults extends to the base of the lithosphere. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic and brittle strain are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation.

Faults are correspondingly integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. The fault width is constant at 5 km. Plastic strain within the faults is limited to the upper 40 km where brittle deformation occurs, while viscous strain within the faults extends to the base of the lithosphere. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic and brittle strain are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation.

cookbooks/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/strain_rate_and_density_0_myr.svg

naliboff · 2025-06-19T18:07:34Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+```{figure-md} fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr
+<img src="strain_rate_and_density_0_myr.svg" style="width:50.0%" />
+
+ Strain rate (left) and density distribution (right) at 0 Myr in a 2D continental compression model. Strain localizes in the upper crust along pre-defined fault zones, while density increases with depth, reflecting the compositional and thermal stratification of the lithosphere.


Suggested change

Strain rate (left) and density distribution (right) at 0 Myr in a 2D continental compression model. Strain localizes in the upper crust along pre-defined fault zones, while density increases with depth, reflecting the compositional and thermal stratification of the lithosphere.

Strain rate (left) and density distribution (right) at 0 Myr in the upper 100 km from x = 100 to 300 km. Strain localizes in the upper crust along pre-defined fault zones, while density increases with depth, reflecting the compositional and thermal stratification of the lithosphere.

@PrajaktaPMohite - You will need to update the figure caption to incorporate the correct values for the height and width of the images.

naliboff · 2025-06-19T18:30:49Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+ Strain rate (left) and density (rigth) distributions  with temperature contours after 35 Myr of deformation.
+```
+
+Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry (Figure 2), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. While additional smaller-structures develop after 35 Myr of convergence (Figure 3), deformation remains strongly localized along these faults with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them.


Suggested change

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry (Figure 2), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. While additional smaller-structures develop after 35 Myr of convergence (Figure 3), deformation remains strongly localized along these faults with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them.

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

@PrajaktaPMohite - Can you address this comment when you have a chance?

naliboff · 2025-06-19T18:53:03Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+```{literalinclude} strain_weakening_mechanism.part.prm
+```
+
+Faults are correspondingly integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. Plastic strain within the faults is limited to the upper 40 km where brittle deformation occurs, while viscous strain within the faults extends to the base of the lithosphere. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic and brittle strain are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation.


Suggested change

Faults are correspondingly integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. Plastic strain within the faults is limited to the upper 40 km where brittle deformation occurs, while viscous strain within the faults extends to the base of the lithosphere. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic and brittle strain are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation.

Faults are correspondingly integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. The faults maintain a constant width of 5 km and extend to a depth of 100 km. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic (0-40 km depth) and viscous strain (0-100 km depth) are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation. The plastic and viscous strain compositions value within the faults is the sum of the value defined in the world builder and the randomized values defined in these zones.

PrajaktaPMohite · 2025-06-19T21:09:14Z

I have addressed all of your comment. The PR is ready for another round of review.

naliboff

@PrajaktaPMohite - Thanks for the updates to the figures and text. I've made a few additional minor comments and noted where old comments still need to be addressed.

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

...s/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.wb

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.wb

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

PrajaktaPMohite · 2025-06-19T22:23:28Z

I think I have addressed all the comments now.
PR is ready for another review.

...s/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.wb

naliboff · 2025-06-19T23:31:46Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+ Strain rate (left) and density (rigth) distributions  with temperature contours after 35 Myr of deformation.
+```
+
+Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry (Figure 2), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. While additional smaller-structures develop after 35 Myr of convergence (Figure 3), deformation remains strongly localized along these faults with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them.


@PrajaktaPMohite - Can you address this comment when you have a chance?

naliboff

@PrajaktaPMohite - Thanks for keeping at this :-) A few more comments on my end, but after that I think someone else should take a look (@danieldouglas92?).

In addition to addressing the last comments, you will need to:

Update the test results
Squash the commits.

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

naliboff · 2025-06-20T03:07:29Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+
+Recent numerical modeling investigations have demonstrated the influence of extensional phases of deformation on the subsequent evolution of continental collision zones (eg., {cite}`Vasey:etal:2024`,{cite}`Zwaan:etal:2025`). Motivated by these studies and a wide range of observations that highlight fault reactivation processes during the Wilson cycle, this cookbook implements a 2D visco-plastic model of continental compression that incorporates pre-existing fault zones into the initial conditions.
+
+The cookbook builds directly on components of the continental extension cookbook, and the primary goal here is to:


Suggested change

The cookbook builds directly on components of the continental extension cookbook, and the primary goal here is to:

The cookbook builds directly on components of the {ref}`sec:cookbooks:continental-extension` cookbook, and the primary goal here is to:

{ref}sec:cookbooks:crustal-deformation

naliboff · 2025-06-20T03:12:50Z

doc/modules/changes/20250619_PrajaktaPMohite.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+New: A cookbook for continental compression that shows how to include pre-existing faults to help localize strain during continental convergence. It uses strain weakening and visco-plastic behavior to simulate how faults can influence the deformation. The model is based on earlier extension models and focuses on adding fault zones from the start of the simulation to study how they affect the patterns of strain during compression.


Suggested change

New: A cookbook for continental compression that shows how to include pre-existing faults to help localize strain during continental convergence. It uses strain weakening and visco-plastic behavior to simulate how faults can influence the deformation. The model is based on earlier extension models and focuses on adding fault zones from the start of the simulation to study how they affect the patterns of strain during compression.

New: A cookbook for continental compression that shows how to integrate faults into the initial conditions using the Geodynamic World Builder.

tests/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

PrajaktaPMohite · 2025-06-20T03:41:35Z

@PrajaktaPMohite - Thanks for keeping at this :-) A few more comments on my end, but after that I think someone else should take a look (@danieldouglas92?).

In addition to addressing the last comments, you will need to:

Update the test results

Squash the commits.

I tried updating test results but test is failing.

danieldouglas92

The figures are super cool!! I think that this is great and my comments are very minor. Thanks for working on this!

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T16:42:27Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+# A test to check whether the continental compression with imposed faults cookbook
+# at low resolutions for a single time step with one nonlinear iteration.


This text would be ok in the test .prm file that you've made, but since this .prm file is the actual cookbook .prm file, I would make sure to put a more detail about what this parameter file does. How big are the faults, how much weaker are they, where are they located, dip, etc. would be good to put here. These are just some ideas but anything else that you think is important for a broad overview of the model would be great

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T16:47:30Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+subsection Adiabatic conditions model
+  subsection Compute profile
+    set Composition reference profile = function
+    set Function expression = \
+                             0; \
+                             0; \
+                             0; \
+                             if( x<=20.e3, 1, 0); \
+                             if( x>20.e3 && x<=40.e3, 1, 0); \
+                             if( x>40.e3 && x<=80.e3, 1, 0); \
+                             if( x>80.e3, 1, 0); \
+
+  end
+end


I would add a couple lines of documentation explaining what this subsection is doing (i.e. what the function is actually constraining). You already do this really well in a lot of the sections of the input file below.

@PrajaktaPMohite - Some minor suggestion for rephrasing on this section below:

# Specify the reference depth-dependent compositional profile used when # computing the adiabatic conditions. A function is required for each compositional # field, and the order of the functions should correspond to the same order of in # which the fields were listed under "set Names of fields". As such, the first # three fields correspond to various types of "strain", and should be set to # 0, while the remaining fields correspond to fields representing chemical # compositions. Note that in the function expression "x" refers to depth.

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T16:49:53Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+subsection Discretization
+  set Composition polynomial degree           = 2
+  set Stokes velocity polynomial degree       = 2
+  set Temperature polynomial degree           = 2
+  set Use discontinuous composition discretization = true
+end


I would add a comment describing why you are setting these, notably what advantage using discontinuous composition discretization gives.

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T16:58:17Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+end
+
+# Velocity on boundaries characterized by functions
+# The combined horizontal velocity (x-direction) magnitude on the left and right walls is 0.2 cm/year


A horizontal velocity (x-direction) of 0.1 cm/year is applied to the left and right walls resulting in inflow, which is balanced by the 0.2 cm/yr vertical (y-direction) outflow on the bottom boundary.

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T16:58:30Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+
+# Velocity on boundaries characterized by functions
+# The combined horizontal velocity (x-direction) magnitude on the left and right walls is 0.2 cm/year
+# The vertical velocity at the base is 0.2 cm/year (balances outflow on sides)


Suggested change

# The vertical velocity at the base is 0.2 cm/year (balances outflow on sides)

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T17:17:11Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+```{figure-md} fig:initial_plastic_and_viscous_strain_and_density
+<img src="initial_plastic_and_viscous_strain_and_density.svg" style="width:50.0%" />
+
+ Initial plastic (top left), viscous (top right) strain and density (bottom) highlighting the location of defined fault zones and randomized strain across a broader region in the upper 100 km.


Suggested change

Initial plastic (top left), viscous (top right) strain and density (bottom) highlighting the location of defined fault zones and randomized strain across a broader region in the upper 100 km.

Initial plastic (top left), viscous strain (top right) and density (bottom) highlighting the location of defined fault zones and randomized strain across a broader region in the upper 100 km.

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T17:18:42Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+ Strain rate (left) and density (right) distributions with temperature contours after 35 Myr of deformation.
+```
+
+Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults,  with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.


Suggested change

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T17:19:51Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+
+Given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.
+
+These results demonstrate the potential key role of pre-existing faults in guiding the evolution of lithospheric deformation. However, given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width by introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of 1e21 Pa s. Furthermore, varying degrees of minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.


The first sentence in this paragraph is duplicated from the previous paragraph

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T17:21:07Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+
+Given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.
+
+These results demonstrate the potential key role of pre-existing faults in guiding the evolution of lithospheric deformation. However, given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width by introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of 1e21 Pa s. Furthermore, varying degrees of minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.


Suggested change

These results demonstrate the potential key role of pre-existing faults in guiding the evolution of lithospheric deformation. However, given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width by introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of 1e21 Pa s. Furthermore, varying degrees of minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.

Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width by introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of X km. Furthermore, varying degrees of minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.

I deleted the duplicate text, and I think you meant to put the resolution of the mesh instead of the damper viscosity.

danieldouglas92 · 2025-06-20T17:23:17Z

tests/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+# Continental Compression with Imposed Faults Cookbook
+# This cookbook builds on the continental extension cookbook
+# and a recent paper investigating rift inversion (Vasey et al., 2024,
+# https://doi.org/10.1130/G51489.1) to demonstrate how to design
+# models of continental compression that extend into the asthenosphere
+# and include faults as zones of weakness in the initial conditions.
+# The setup is motivated by observed deformation patterns in the Mongolian
+# Altai, which has experienced low magnitudes of compressional deformation
+# since the onset of the India-Asia collision and contains evidence for
+# reactivation of normal faults formed during prior phases of deformation
+# The faults locations and properties are defined using the Geodynamic
+# World Builder.


Refer to my top comment, this is what I wanted to see at the top of the cookbooks/.prm file.
The documentation in this cookbooks/.prm and the tests/.prm file should just be switched. I would still add a little more detail based on my comment on the test .prm file though

naliboff

@PrajaktaPMohite - Nice work, this is now very close from my side, just a few more minor comments.

@gassmoeller - I think it would be good if you or another maintainer did a review before we merged.

naliboff · 2025-07-04T20:47:15Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+subsection Adiabatic conditions model
+  subsection Compute profile
+    set Composition reference profile = function
+    set Function expression = \
+                             0; \
+                             0; \
+                             0; \
+                             if( x<=20.e3, 1, 0); \
+                             if( x>20.e3 && x<=40.e3, 1, 0); \
+                             if( x>40.e3 && x<=80.e3, 1, 0); \
+                             if( x>80.e3, 1, 0); \
+
+  end
+end


@PrajaktaPMohite - Some minor suggestion for rephrasing on this section below:

# Specify the reference depth-dependent compositional profile used when # computing the adiabatic conditions. A function is required for each compositional # field, and the order of the functions should correspond to the same order of in # which the fields were listed under "set Names of fields". As such, the first # three fields correspond to various types of "strain", and should be set to # 0, while the remaining fields correspond to fields representing chemical # compositions. Note that in the function expression "x" refers to depth.

naliboff · 2025-07-04T20:48:05Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+  set Composition polynomial degree           = 2
+  set Stokes velocity polynomial degree       = 2
+  set Temperature polynomial degree           = 2
+  # The gradient at quadrature points will not be a precise approximation of the true gradient 


I would remove these lines of documentation.

naliboff · 2025-07-04T20:49:30Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+  # since it excludes the contribution of jumps in the compositional field between cells.
+  # Even though the finite element solution varies from cell to cell, the gradient of the 
+  # solution at quadrature locations inside each cell will always be precisely zero.
+  set Use discontinuous composition discretization = true


Do you recall why this was set to true? It may be a relict from a PRM file that was setup for use with viscoelasticity, where discontinuous compositional fields are required. It is not necessarily a problem, but we should provide some documentation for what the effects are.

Yes, setting Use discontinuous composition discretization = true is often necessary when employing viscoelastic rheology. This is because viscoelastic formulations rely on the stress tensor evolving as a function of spatially localized material properties and deformation over time.

naliboff · 2025-07-04T20:50:28Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+
+# Initial values of different compositional fields
+# The upper crust (20 km thick), lower crust (20 km thick)
+# and mantle lithosphere(40 km thick) and asthenosphere (320 km thick )are continuous 


Suggested change

# and mantle lithosphere(40 km thick) and asthenosphere (320 km thick )are continuous

# and mantle lithosphere (40 km thick) and asthenosphere (320 km thick ) are continuous

naliboff · 2025-07-04T20:52:27Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+
+Recent numerical modeling investigations have demonstrated the influence of extensional phases of deformation on the subsequent evolution of continental collision zones (eg., {cite}`Vasey:etal:2024`,{cite}`Zwaan:etal:2025`). Motivated by these studies and a wide range of observations that highlight fault reactivation processes during the Wilson cycle, this cookbook implements a 2D visco-plastic model of continental compression that incorporates pre-existing fault zones into the initial conditions.
+
+The cookbook builds directly on components of the {ref}`sec:cookbooks:crustal-deformation` cookbook, and the primary goal here is to:


Suggested change

The cookbook builds directly on components of the {ref}`sec:cookbooks:crustal-deformation` cookbook, and the primary goal here is to:

The cookbook builds directly on components of the {ref}`sec:cookbooks:continental-extension` cookbook, and the primary goal here is to:

naliboff · 2025-07-04T20:53:41Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+ Strain rate (left) and density (right) distributions with temperature contours after 35 Myr of deformation.
+```
+
+Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults,  with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.


Suggested change

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

gassmoeller

Looks pretty good, thanks @PrajaktaPMohite. I have some comments on the text and one or two questions about the model setup, see my questions below.

Let me know when you want me to take another look.

gassmoeller · 2025-07-07T12:38:13Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+ Strain rate (left) and density (right) distributions with temperature contours after 35 Myr of deformation.
+```
+
+Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults,  with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.


Suggested change

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a graben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T07:37:07Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+# Model geometry (400x400 km, 20 km spacing)
+subsection Geometry model
+  set Model name = box
+  subsection Box


if a subsection starts inside another subsection it is often easier to read to insert an empty line here:

Suggested change

subsection Box

subsection Box

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T07:37:18Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+  set Initial global refinement          = 3
+  set Time steps between mesh refinement = 0
+  set Strategy = minimum refinement function
+  subsection Minimum refinement function


Suggested change

subsection Minimum refinement function

subsection Minimum refinement function

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T07:37:27Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+subsection Mesh deformation
+  set Mesh deformation boundary indicators        = top: free surface, top: diffusion
+  set Additional tangential mesh velocity boundary indicators = left, right
+  subsection Free surface


Suggested change

subsection Free surface

subsection Free surface

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T07:37:32Z

.../continental_compression_with_imposed_faults/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.prm

+  subsection Free surface
+    set Surface velocity projection = normal
+  end
+  subsection Diffusion


Suggested change

subsection Diffusion

subsection Diffusion

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T08:13:36Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+2. Demonstrate their effect on the evolution of deformation patterns.
+
+# Model Design
+The model domain spans 400 km x 400 km and uses adaptive refinement to resolve deformation patterns in the regions where faults are imposed at the onset of deformation. The initial thermal structure follows a conductive, continental-style geothermal through the lithosphere and an initial adiabatic profile in the asthenosphere. The governing equations follow the extended Boussinesq approximation, which includes both adiabatic and shear heating.


Suggested change

The model domain spans 400 km x 400 km and uses adaptive refinement to resolve deformation patterns in the regions where faults are imposed at the onset of deformation. The initial thermal structure follows a conductive, continental-style geothermal through the lithosphere and an initial adiabatic profile in the asthenosphere. The governing equations follow the extended Boussinesq approximation, which includes both adiabatic and shear heating.

The model domain spans 400 km x 400 km and uses adaptive refinement to resolve deformation patterns in the regions where faults are imposed at the onset of deformation. The initial thermal structure follows a conductive, continental-style geotherm through the lithosphere and an initial adiabatic profile in the asthenosphere. The governing equations follow the extended Boussinesq approximation, which includes both adiabatic and shear heating.

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T08:15:06Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+# Model Design
+The model domain spans 400 km x 400 km and uses adaptive refinement to resolve deformation patterns in the regions where faults are imposed at the onset of deformation. The initial thermal structure follows a conductive, continental-style geothermal through the lithosphere and an initial adiabatic profile in the asthenosphere. The governing equations follow the extended Boussinesq approximation, which includes both adiabatic and shear heating.
+
+Deformation is driven by horizontal velocity applied at the model sides (1 mm/yr), which are balanced by outflow at the model base (2 mm/yr). A free surface allows topography to develop through time, which is diffused at each time step to approximate landscape evolution processes and stabilize both linear and nonlinear solver behavior.


The current parameter file sets different values. Please check which values were used for the figures.

Suggested change

Deformation is driven by horizontal velocity applied at the model sides (1 mm/yr), which are balanced by outflow at the model base (2 mm/yr). A free surface allows topography to develop through time, which is diffused at each time step to approximate landscape evolution processes and stabilize both linear and nonlinear solver behavior.

Deformation is driven by horizontal velocity applied at the model sides (0.1 mm/yr), which are balanced by outflow at the model base (0.2 mm/yr). A free surface allows topography to develop through time, which is diffused at each time step to approximate landscape evolution processes and stabilize both linear and nonlinear solver behavior.

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T08:16:03Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+```{literalinclude} strain_weakening_mechanism.part.prm
+```
+
+Faults are correspondingly integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. The faults maintain a constant width of 5 km and extend to a depth of 100 km. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic (0-40 km depth) and viscous strain (0-100 km depth) are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation. The faults are setting in the middle of the randomized strain zones, fault1 in wb file is located at x = 250km. The plastic and viscous strain compositions value within the faults is the sum of the value defined in the world builder and the randomized values defined in these zones. 


Suggested change

Faults are correspondingly integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. The faults maintain a constant width of 5 km and extend to a depth of 100 km. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic (0-40 km depth) and viscous strain (0-100 km depth) are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation. The faults are setting in the middle of the randomized strain zones, fault1 in wb file is located at x = 250km. The plastic and viscous strain compositions value within the faults is the sum of the value defined in the world builder and the randomized values defined in these zones.

Faults are integrated into the model initial conditions as zones of initial strain defined in the Geodynamic World Builder. Four faults extending to the base of the lithosphere with constant dip angles are included, two of which dip at 60 degrees toward each other in a style representing pre-existing normal faults. A third vertical fault (i.e., approximating a strike-slip fault) is centrally located between the two dipping faults, while the fourth fault is located to the right of two normal faults and dips at a higher angle. The faults maintain a constant width of 5 km and extend to a depth of 100 km. In addition to defined fault locations with constant strain values, randomized zones of plastic (0-40 km depth) and viscous strain (0-100 km depth) are imposed across a 300 km wide zone in the upper to approximate pervasive off-fault damage observed in many regions that have undergone significant tectonic deformation. The faults are prescribed in the middle of the randomized strain zones, fault1 in wb file is located at x = 250km. The plastic and viscous strain composition values within the faults is the sum of the value defined in the world builder and the randomized values defined in these zones.

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T08:20:06Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+ Strain rate (left) and density (right) distributions with temperature contours after 35 Myr of deformation.
+```
+
+Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults,  with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.


Suggested change

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a grabben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

Deformation preferentially localizes along the two pre-existing shear zones forming a graben-like geometry ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_0_myr`), which reflects their optimal orientation and position within the model domain to accommodate the imposed convergence. After 35 Myr of convergence ({numref}`fig:strain_rate_and_density_35_myr`) deformation remains strongly localized along these faults, with crustal shortening and thickening occurring between them forming an approximately symmetric orogenic wedge. Some degree of asymmetry develops on the right side of the wedge, where the fault farthest to the right remains active in the upper crust and connects to the fault bounding the wedge near the brittle-ductile transition zone.

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T08:21:21Z

...ntinental_compression_with_imposed_faults/doc/continental_compression_with_imposed_faults.md

+
+Given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.
+
+Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width by introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of 2.5 km. Furthermore, varying degrees of minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.


Suggested change

Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width by introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of 2.5 km. Furthermore, varying degrees of minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.

Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of 2.5 km. Furthermore, minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.

gassmoeller · 2025-07-08T08:23:23Z

Also you will have to fix the indentation of your code, as described here

PrajaktaPMohite · 2025-09-05T18:02:08Z

@naliboff - This PR is ready for another look.

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adding cookbook for continental compression with imposed faults

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addressing comments and indentation

7be3791

	Strain rate (left) and density distribution (right) at 0 Myr in a 2D continental compression model. Strain localizes in the upper crust along pre-defined fault zones, while density increases with depth, reflecting the compositional and thermal stratification of the lithosphere.
	Strain rate (left) and density distribution (right) at 0 Myr in the upper 100 km from x = 100 to 300 km. Strain localizes in the upper crust along pre-defined fault zones, while density increases with depth, reflecting the compositional and thermal stratification of the lithosphere.


		Recent numerical modeling investigations have demonstrated the influence of extensional phases of deformation on the subsequent evolution of continental collision zones (eg., {cite}`Vasey:etal:2024`,{cite}`Zwaan:etal:2025`). Motivated by these studies and a wide range of observations that highlight fault reactivation processes during the Wilson cycle, this cookbook implements a 2D visco-plastic model of continental compression that incorporates pre-existing fault zones into the initial conditions.

		The cookbook builds directly on components of the continental extension cookbook, and the primary goal here is to:

		@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
		New: A cookbook for continental compression that shows how to include pre-existing faults to help localize strain during continental convergence. It uses strain weakening and visco-plastic behavior to simulate how faults can influence the deformation. The model is based on earlier extension models and focuses on adding fault zones from the start of the simulation to study how they affect the patterns of strain during compression.

		# A test to check whether the continental compression with imposed faults cookbook
		# at low resolutions for a single time step with one nonlinear iteration.

	Initial plastic (top left), viscous (top right) strain and density (bottom) highlighting the location of defined fault zones and randomized strain across a broader region in the upper 100 km.
	Initial plastic (top left), viscous strain (top right) and density (bottom) highlighting the location of defined fault zones and randomized strain across a broader region in the upper 100 km.


		Given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.

		These results demonstrate the potential key role of pre-existing faults in guiding the evolution of lithospheric deformation. However, given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width by introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of 1e21 Pa s. Furthermore, varying degrees of minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.

	# and mantle lithosphere(40 km thick) and asthenosphere (320 km thick )are continuous
	# and mantle lithosphere (40 km thick) and asthenosphere (320 km thick ) are continuous

	subsection Minimum refinement function

	subsection Minimum refinement function

	Deformation is driven by horizontal velocity applied at the model sides (1 mm/yr), which are balanced by outflow at the model base (2 mm/yr). A free surface allows topography to develop through time, which is diffused at each time step to approximate landscape evolution processes and stabilize both linear and nonlinear solver behavior.
	Deformation is driven by horizontal velocity applied at the model sides (0.1 mm/yr), which are balanced by outflow at the model base (0.2 mm/yr). A free surface allows topography to develop through time, which is diffused at each time step to approximate landscape evolution processes and stabilize both linear and nonlinear solver behavior.


		Given the nonlinearity of the rheology and governing equations, minor variations in fault strength, geometry, lithospheric structure, and boundary velocities may lead to significant variations in the spatiotemporal evolution of deformation. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens.

		Similarly, changing the numerical resolution is likely to also affect the results, as the brittle shear band width by introduced by the plastic damper (1e21 Pa s) is still likely not fully resolved at the maximum resolution of 2.5 km. Furthermore, varying degrees of minor variations in the model results will likely occur if a stricter nonlinear solver tolerance is selected. This cookbook provides a flexible framework for exploring the effects of these parameters, and application to hypothesis-driven questions such as fault reactivation, inversion of rift basins, or the partitioning of strain in complex orogens. No newline at end of file

Cookbook for Continental Compression with Fault Inheritance #6476

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PrajaktaPMohite commented Jun 17, 2025 •

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