Non-deterministic overload matching failure

[mtshiba]

Summary

An error has been observed randomly appearing and disappearing in the mypy_primer report.
This has been seen in many PRs (e.g. astral-sh/ruff#20871).

scikit-build-core (https://github.com/scikit-build/scikit-build-core)
+ src/scikit_build_core/build/_wheelfile.py:51:22: error[no-matching-overload] No overload of function `field` matches arguments

https://github.com/scikit-build/scikit-build-core/blob/3f371fff3d0dd424811ef73f58d88389263d79db/src/scikit_build_core/build/_wheelfile.py#L51

Unfortunately, this is not easy to reproduce locally, and the only known way is to run mypy_primer.
So I haven't been able to identify the cause of this error.

Based on my current investigation, this error appears to have become apparent from astral-sh/ruff#20476. However, I believe that the PR only exposed the error, and the seed of nondeterminism was likely planted before that.

Possibly related: #369

Version

No response

[MichaReiser]

Does the overload matching iterate over any hash maps?

[mtshiba]

TypeInferenceBuilder::check_overloaded_functions seems suspicious. It uses TypeInferenceBuilder::called_functions: FxHashSet, which is used as an iterator.