[CI][Python][Packaging] Test 3.12 wheels on Ubuntu 24.04

[pitrou]

Describe the enhancement requested

We already test some Python wheels on Ubuntu 20.04 or 22.04, depending on the system Python version. We should also do so with Ubuntu 24.04.

Component(s)

Continuous Integration, Packaging, Python

[kou]

Issue resolved by pull request 45042
#45042