[C++][FS][Azure] Managed Identity authentication

[Tom-Newton]

Describe the enhancement requested

Child of #38598

Add support for using Managed Identity. This auth method is only available when running on Azure VMs.

https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-cpp/blob/main/sdk/identity/azure-identity/src/managed_identity_source.cpp

Component(s)

C++

[Tom-Newton]

take