[C++][FS][Azure] Default credential authentication

[Tom-Newton]

Describe the enhancement requested

Child of #38598

Add support for using DefaultAzureCredential to authenticate to Azure blob storage.

https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-cpp/blob/main/sdk/identity/azure-identity/src/default_azure_credential.cpp

Component(s)

C++

[Tom-Newton]

take