[R] Implement bindings for lubridate's fast_strptime

[asfimport]

Split from ARROW-14848

Reporter: Dragoș Moldovan-Grünfeld / @dragosmg
Assignee: Dragoș Moldovan-Grünfeld / @dragosmg

Related issues:

• [R] lubridate functions for 9.0.0 (is a child of)
• [R] Update strptime bindings to use tz (is related to)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #13174

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-16439. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Alessandro Molina / @amol-:
Issue resolved by pull request 13174
#13174