[C++] Provide method on AdaptiveIntBuilder for appending integer Array types

[asfimport]

For Int8/16/32, it is not currently possible to do a bulk append. With Int64, you can bulk append with AppendValues but only if you have no nulls or of the nulls are stored in a byte map

Reporter: Wes McKinney / @wesm

Related issues:

• [C++] Provide bulk method on TypedBufferBuilder for appending a bitmap (relates to)
• [C++] Read Parquet dictionary encoded ColumnChunks directly into an Arrow DictionaryArray (relates to)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-5984. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[github-actions]

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