According to https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-LoaderAndValidationLayers/blob/sdk-1.0.3/loader/LoaderAndLayerInterface.md, the Vulkan loader should look for ICD configuration in /usr/share/vulkan/icd.d and /etc/vulkan/icd.d, but the loader included in steam runtime seems to look only into /etc/vulkan/icd.d (checked with strace).
Vulkan apps started from Steam won't see my Vulkan driver unless I put their ICD json file in /etc/vulkan/icd.d. My Linux distribution package with the driver puts the JSON file in the /usr/share/vulkan/icd.d directory, as suggested by the Khronos document:
The "/usr/share/vulkan/icd.d" directory is for ICDs that are installed from Linux-distribution-provided packages.