ValidateTokenAsync - New Path: Refactor result types

[iNinja]

ValidateTokenAsync - New Path: Refactor result types

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Refactored Result types to reduce allocations and improve performance.

Description

• Added Result type (before making this public we may want to rename it to avoid clashes with a future .NET result type)
• Removed all token validation result types (IssuerValidationResult, AudienceValidationResult, ...)
• Repurposed ValidationResult as a new result type for the new path.
• Added extra stack frames when returning validation results. Added basic caching for a single path to validate.
• Return Result<ValidationResult, ExceptionDetail> from TokenValidationAsync to limit ValidationResult to only success scenarios, simplifying scenarios like creating and accessing the ClaimsIdentity.
• Removed ValidateTokenAsyncInternal since we now return the same Result from all methods, it is no longer required.
• Added ValidationFailureType to ExceptionDetail
• Updated tests

Next steps after this:

• Possibly rename it to something more generic for an Error type that can create exceptions.
• Add capabilities to ExceptionDetail to pass extra data to the exception when being created (invalid issuer, audience)
• Re-implement Activator to create the exception from Details in a AOT compliant way (was removed time ago to restore AOT compatibility)

Benchmarks for this work:

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	P90	P95	P100	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithTVP_CreateClaims	38.81 us	0.130 us	0.284 us	39.17 us	39.26 us	39.85 us	1.00	0.00	0.6104	-	16.48 KB	1.00
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithVP_CreateClaims	38.13 us	0.097 us	0.209 us	38.39 us	38.45 us	38.61 us	0.98	0.01	0.6104	-	16.02 KB	0.97
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithTVP_SucceedOnFifthAttempt	102.50 us	0.773 us	1.698 us	105.37 us	106.85 us	107.95 us	1.00	0.00	1.4648	-	37.13 KB	1.00
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithTVPUsingClone_SucceedOnFifthAttempt	103.07 us	0.250 us	0.544 us	103.90 us	104.00 us	104.43 us	1.01	0.02	1.5869	-	38.89 KB	1.05
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithVP_SucceedOnFifthAttempt	69.09 us	0.266 us	0.572 us	69.73 us	70.15 us	70.46 us	0.67	0.01	1.2207	-	32.7 KB	0.88
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithTVP_SucceedOnThirdAttempt	68.77 us	0.186 us	0.397 us	69.33 us	69.52 us	69.95 us	1.00	0.00	0.8545	-	22.18 KB	1.00
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithTVPUsingClone_SucceedOnThirdAttempt	68.80 us	0.132 us	0.288 us	69.16 us	69.25 us	69.80 us	1.00	0.00	0.8545	-	23.23 KB	1.05
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithVP_SucceedOnThirdAttempt	51.37 us	0.122 us	0.268 us	51.68 us	51.70 us	51.95 us	0.75	0.00	0.7935	-	19.7 KB	0.89
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithTVP	34.25 us	0.131 us	0.279 us	34.66 us	34.80 us	35.42 us	1.00	0.00	0.2441	-	7.23 KB	1.00
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithTVPUsingModifiedClone	50.68 us	0.085 us	0.175 us	50.91 us	50.93 us	51.00 us	1.48	0.01	0.3662	-	9.66 KB	1.34
JsonWebTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsyncWithVP	33.80 us	0.032 us	0.070 us	33.90 us	33.92 us	33.93 us	0.99	0.01	0.2441	-	6.7 KB	0.93
JwtSecurityTokenHandler_ValidateTokenAsync	41.49 us	0.087 us	0.184 us	41.70 us	41.81 us	42.07 us	1.21	0.01	1.0376	0.0610	25.58 KB	3.54

Sample exception message + stack trace generated with the new stack frames:

IDX10500: Signature validation failed. No security keys were provided to validate the signature.
   at Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.JsonWebTokenHandler.ValidateSignature(JsonWebToken jwtToken, ValidationParameters validationParameters, BaseConfiguration configuration, CallContext callContext) in C:\git\wilson\src\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\JsonWebTokenHandler.ValidateSignature.cs:line 99
   at Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.JsonWebTokenHandler.ValidateJWSAsync(JsonWebToken jsonWebToken, ValidationParameters validationParameters, BaseConfiguration configuration, CallContext callContext, CancellationToken cancellationToken) in C:\git\wilson\src\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\JsonWebTokenHandler.ValidateToken.Internal.cs:line 339
   at Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.JsonWebTokenHandler.ValidateTokenAsync(SecurityToken token, ValidationParameters validationParameters, CallContext callContext, CancellationToken cancellationToken) in C:\git\wilson\src\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\JsonWebTokenHandler.ValidateToken.Internal.cs:line 139
   at Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.JsonWebTokenHandler.ValidateTokenAsync(String token, ValidationParameters validationParameters, CallContext callContext, CancellationToken cancellationToken) in C:\git\wilson\src\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\JsonWebTokenHandler.ValidateToken.Internal.cs:line 86

Part of #2711