Performance tweaks

[martincostello]

• Avoid LINQ to create components.
• Do not recreate Outcome<T> for chaos.
• Avoid predicate allocation.
• Use ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull() where possible.
• Add throw helper for ObjectDisposedException.
• Remove unused Stopwatch.
• Use Volatile.Read instead of Interlocked.CompareExchange().

Cherry-picked from #2664.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 96.23%. Comparing base (0459a8b) to head (c278bb8).
Report is 7 commits behind head on main.

✅ All tests successful. No failed tests found.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2667      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   96.23%   96.23%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         311      311              
  Lines        7329     7322       -7     
  Branches     1013     1012       -1     
==========================================
- Hits         7053     7046       -7     
  Misses        222      222              
  Partials       54       54              

Flag	Coverage Δ
linux	96.23% <100.00%> (-0.01%)	⬇️
macos	96.23% <100.00%> (-0.01%)	⬇️
windows	96.22% <100.00%> (-0.01%)	⬇️

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[martincostello]

Ran benchmarks on main and then compared to the results pushed into this PR.

Almost all benchmarks had improvements, though not necessarily large. Some benchmarks that didn't show an improvement were within the margin of error for measurement noise.

[Copilot]

Pull Request Overview

This PR applies a series of low-level performance optimizations across the pipeline utilities, reducing allocations and improving synchronization checks.

• Swaps Interlocked.CompareExchange for Volatile.Read to check pending executions.
• Introduces a throw helper for ObjectDisposedException and uses ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull() when available.
• Replaces LINQ allocation patterns and streamlines default predicate instantiation.

Reviewed Changes

Copilot reviewed 23 out of 23 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
ExecutionTrackingComponent.cs	Uses Volatile.Read instead of Interlocked.CompareExchange
ComponentDisposeHelper.cs	Extracts throw logic into a dedicated helper method
Guard.cs	Calls ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull() under .NET 8+
DefaultPredicates.cs	Replaces switch-expression allocation with direct ValueTask
ResiliencePipelineBuilderBase.cs	Uses List<T>.ConvertAll instead of LINQ Select().ToList()

Comments suppressed due to low confidence (1)

src/Polly.Core/Utils/Guard.cs:12

• Add or update unit tests to cover the ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull path under .NET 8+ to ensure the guard behaves as expected.

#if NET8_0_OR_GREATER